RDGY10070 Practice of Radiography II UCD Assignment Sample Ireland

The RDGY10070 Practice of Radiography II unit is designed to provide students with the knowledge and skills necessary to safely and effectively perform radiographic exams. The unit covers radiation safety, patient care, imaging equipment, exposure techniques, and quality assurance. Upon completion of the unit, students should be able to perform radiographic exams independently and confidently.

Radiography is the branch of medicine that uses X-rays or other high-energy beams to produce images of the human body. Radiographers are trained to operate X-ray machines and to take pictures of patients for diagnostic purposes.

Radiographic examinations are used to diagnose a wide variety of conditions, including broken bones, pneumonia, heart disease, and cancer. Because radiographs provide such a clear and detailed picture of the inside of the body, they play a vital role in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases.

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This unit covers the following topics:

Assignment Activity 1: Describing key justification criteria/clinical indications/dose optimization criteria and appropriate practical methods of radiation protection for skeletal radiography.

There are several key justification criteria for clinical indications/dose optimization in radiation protection for skeletal tissues. The first criterion is the need to protect the radiosensitive cells within the tissue. Second, is the requirement to avoid unnecessary exposure to nearby normal tissues. Third, is the concern for minimizing long-term risks associated with repeated exposure to low-dose radiation.

To protect radiosensitive cells within the tissue, shielding and careful planning of treatment procedures are required. Effective attenuation of scattered radiation must be taken into account when designing facilities and selecting equipment. Good working knowledge of radioisotopes used in diagnosis and radiotherapy, their physical and biological properties, and methods for handling and disposing of them is also critical.

To avoid unnecessary exposure to nearby normal tissues, it is important to use the lowest possible dose of radiation that will still provide an adequate image. This can be accomplished by using appropriate imaging techniques and equipment, as well as by carefully selecting the area of the body to be imaged.

Assignment Activity 2: Identifying and explaining appropriate projections for specific clinical indications for imaging the spine, abdomen, skull, and facial bones.

There are a number of indications for imaging the spine, abdomen, skull, and facial bones. In general, imaging is indicated when there is a concern for abnormalities of the skeletal system. This may be due to trauma, infection, tumors, or other conditions. Imaging can help to identify and characterize these abnormalities.

Spinal imaging is typically indicated when there is back pain or neck pain that is severe or persistent. The purpose of imaging is to identify the cause of the pain and to rule out serious conditions such as cancers or compression fractures. In some cases, spinal imaging may also be indicated if there are neurological symptoms such as numbness, weakness, or changes in bowel or bladder function.

Imaging of the abdomen is indicated when there are signs or symptoms suggestive of problems with the abdominal organs, such as pain, nausea, vomiting, or changes in bowel habits. Imaging can help to identify the cause of these symptoms and to rule out serious conditions such as cancers or intestinal obstruction.

Skull imaging is typically indicated when there is a head injury or when there are signs or symptoms suggestive of a skull fracture, such as severe head pain, changes in consciousness, or neurological deficits. Skull imaging can also be indicated when there are conditions that may cause increased pressure within the skull, such as brain tumors or hydrocephalus.

Facial bone imaging is typically indicated when there is trauma to the face or when there are signs or symptoms suggestive of a fracture, such as severe pain, swelling, bruising, or changes in the shape of the face. Facial bone imaging can also be indicated when there are conditions that may cause deformities of the facial bones, such as tumors or congenital abnormalities.

Assignment Activity 3: Explaining technical, patient, and pathological factors influencing preparation and choice of technique.

There are a number of technical, patient, and pathological factors that can influence the preparation and choice of technique for a dental restoration. Some of the most important factors include:

Technical Factors:

• The size, shape, and location of the tooth to be restored
• The extent of decay or damage to the tooth
• The condition of the surrounding teeth and gums
• The presence of existing restorations or crowns on the tooth
• The patient’s oral hygiene habits

Patient Factors:

• Age
• Medical history (including any allergies)
• Smoking habits

Pathological Factors:

• Gum disease or other oral infections/inflammations
• Bone loss around the teeth due to periodontal disease
• Tooth grinding habits (bruxism)
• The presence of tumors or cysts in the mouth

Assignment Activity 4: Describe standard radiographic techniques (including factors such as patient positioning, equipment use, and exposure factors) using correct terminology.

There are a variety of standard radiographic techniques that can be used, depending on the specific area being imaged and the desired results. Some common techniques include abdominal positioning for gastrointestinal imaging, erect or supine positioning for chest radiographs, and lateral decubitus positioning for urological imaging.

The type of equipment used will also vary depending on the body part being imaged and the requested results; however, some common Types include computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound. Additionally, exposure factors such as kVp, mAs, and tissue contrast all need to be taken into consideration when selecting the proper technique. By following these guidelines and using the correct terminology, radiographic technologists can ensure that they are providing the best possible images for their patients.

KVp: The kilovoltage peak (kVp) is the voltage applied across an x-ray tube to accelerate electrons. It determines the energy of the x-ray photons produced and affects both the quality and quantity of the x-ray beam.

mAs: The milliampere-second (mAs) is the product of the x-ray tube current (amperes) and exposure time (seconds). It is a measure of the overall amount of x-ray energy produced and affects both the quality and quantity of the x-ray beam.

Tissue Contrast: Tissue contrast is the difference in radiodensity between different tissues. It is affected by both kVp and mAs, with higher kVp and lower mAs resulting in greater tissue contrast.

Assignment Activity 5: Discuss relevant radiation protection and patient care practices.

It is important for radiation protection and patient care that those who are working with or being treated with radiation understand the risks and how to minimize them.

Radiation exposure can cause harm to patients, staff, and visitors. It’s important to minimize radiation exposure by using proper shielding and protective gear when working with or around radiation sources. Patients should also be aware of the risks associated with radiation therapy and follow the instructions of their health care team to help reduce their risk of exposure.

When it comes to patient care, it is important to ensure that the patient is comfortable and relaxed during their treatment. This can help to reduce the amount of stress and anxiety that they are feeling. It is also important to educate the patient on what to expect during and after their treatment so that they can be prepared.

Assignment Activity 6: Appraising the technical quality of radiographic images, including clinical acceptability and potential for improvement.

Radiographic images are technically acceptable when they meet the quality criteria set by professional organizations, including standards for clarity, contrast, detail, and positioning. Quality criteria may vary depending on the purpose of the radiographic image (e.g., diagnostic vs. therapeutic). However, all radiographic images should be evaluated for their potential to improve patient care.

Potential areas for improvement in radiographic images include:

• Improper patient positioning
• Poor image contrast
• Artifactual distortion
• Inadequate detail or resolution
• Unnecessary radiation exposure to patients and staff

By following the proper guidelines for radiographic imaging and taking steps to improve image quality, radiographic technologists can help to ensure that their patients receive the best possible care.

Assignment Activity 7: Locate normal and some abnormal anatomical appearances in relevant radiographs with accuracy and reasonable consistency.

The following are some normal and abnormal anatomical appearances in relevant radiographs with accuracy and reasonable consistency:

Normal:

• The baby’s head is generally round and smooth.
• The baby’s spine is straight.
• There are usually four pulmonary arteries on either side of the heart.
• The stomach is located on the left side of the body.

Abnormal:

• A fluid collection (cyst) can be seen in the brain (hydrocephalus).
• An abnormality in the shape of the skull may indicate craniosynostosis. This is a condition where one or more bones in the skull close prematurely, causing an abnormal shape to the skull. 
• A gap between the vertebrae may indicate a birth defect of the spine (spina bifida).
• The number of pulmonary arteries may be decreased in some congenital heart defects.
• The stomach may be located on the right side of the body in situs inversus. This is a condition where the organs are reversed or mirrored from their normal positions.

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