CHEM20050 Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology (level 2) Assignment Sample Ireland
The aim of medical chemistry and chemical biology is to provide a high-quality, easily accessible understanding of the structure and chemistry of living cells, tissues, organs, viruses, and other organisms. This knowledge can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Comprehensive information pertaining to the compilations and successful applications of systematic chemical analysis in the development of different life forms will definitely add a dimension to other courses such as Biology, Chemistry, or Medicinal Chemistry.
Chemistry is concerned with many interesting Chemical problems such as disordering or ordering of molecules or equations involving chemicals. Medicinal chemistry is the branch of chemistry that’s able to discover and classify chemical substances that are called to be useful for therapeutics care of diseases.
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In this course, there are many types of assignments given to students like individual assignments, group-based assignments, reports, case studies, final year projects, skills demonstrations, learner records, and other solutions given by us. We also provide Group Project Presentations for Irish students.
In this section, we are describing some tasks. These are:
Assignment Activity 1: Describe the basic structure, properties, and reactivity of amino acids and carbohydrates.
Amino acids are the building blocks of protein and carbohydrates. They are a type of carbon-carbon unit that can form a variety of chemical compounds. In the body, amino acids are used to make proteins and carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are chains of glucose molecules that are linked together by peptides.
Carbohydrates are formed from sugar molecules which are chains of carbon atoms. They have a wide variety of methods by which they can be classified, such as their structural and chemical structure as well as their most significant characteristics. For more than a thousand years, medical science has been an important field in learning and improving the human body in ways that have assisted numerous innovations in the development of scientific technology.
Medicinal chemistry is always on the wing because one seeks to discover new treatments for malignant diseases with limited adverse effects and is willing to devote valuable time, effort, enthusiasm, and money to a popular medical research project called ’Oncology’. Thus it is recognized as “an important part of our hearts” since ancient times, and people are always seeking for a cure or treatment.
Although ancient times were difficult to comprehend how science had advanced so rapidly from medieval and recent history but cannot deny that there were brilliant pharmaceutical scientists who gave contributions to this powerful discipline history can surprise the ones who are in such fields for a long time. Science advancement is tremendously relevant nowadays and looking forward to improving the modern world as everyone likes and demands progress with thousands of assurance.
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Assignment Activity 2: Apply the principles of conformational analysis of ‘simple’ organic molecules to understanding ‘folding’ in biological molecules.
Conformational analysis of simple organic molecules can provide insights into the folding of biological molecules. This is due to the unique shape that a molecule has when it is folded or unfolded. Forming and unfolding are two aspects of conformational change, which can be observed in proteins and other biological structures. In proteins, when the molecule is held in a static confirmation with the correct quantity of chiral centers, then it can function as a biological molecule (e.g. enzyme) and help to preserve those molecules away from unfolding or irreversible processes.
This means that biomolecules can be important in the development of new drugs. However, if the chiral centers are incorrect or fail to function correctly, (e.g. no matter how much of the internucleoside linkages are correct), then perhaps there may be incorrect intramolecular interactions that cause irreversible loss of these molecules. This will have adverse effects on the organism performing incorrectly such as counteracting endogenous anti-protease factors that is helpful in catabolism.
This leads us to the conclusion that understanding of conformational changes should be investigated using simple organic molecules due to the unique nature of conformational changes in such types of molecules, especially when applying conformational analysis in studying protein folding, recognition, and enzymatic functions.
Assignment Activity 3: Describe the important reactions and reagents used in the synthesis of biological molecules and describe the mechanism by which these reagents work and the usefulness of protecting group strategies.
The synthesis of biological molecules is an incredibly important process that takes place in the body. This involves the ability to combine two or more chemicals and convert them into a living organism. In order to do this, different reactions need to take place in order for the right reagents and protection groups to be used effectively. These reactions can lead to many products being formed, including proteins, DNA, oil droplets, carbohydrates, and other molecules.
Some molecules that are commonly used for these reactions are called N-protecting groups. These groups can be used as a sticking point to prevent the release of amino or carboxylic acid groups that are not connected to an active group by means of hydrogen bonding.
An example of this process is the name reaction I. It uses an acyl halide with a t-butanal protecting group and forms the aromatic hydrocarbon amide, III. It illustrates the importance of protecting groups due to their protective nature and necessity at certain stages in reactions. Protecting groups help prevent chemical reactions such as rearrangement and elimination prior to chemical reactions being complete due to prohibiting intermediate chemical species which would then lead to incorrect products forming in active steps along with irreversibilities with processes such as dehydration, decarboxylation, radiation destruction, and so on.
The type of hydrocarbon being bonded also determines when different stages of regioselectivity take place most usually towards one end or the other, exceptions to this include carbodiimides, maleimide, dioxane, and also dimethyl succinate. Groups of this nature are connected through hydrogen bonding.
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Assignment Activity 4: Describe selected chemical transformations of biomolecules.
The chemical reactions that occur when biomolecules are transformed can result in a variety of changes. For example, one could transform a molecule of glucose into fructose or pyruvate. In another reaction, the carbon atom at the center of an oxygen atom might be replaced by nitrogen and water would become the molecule’s main component.
Biomolecules under these types of transformations might get extracted by hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis, or as an enzymatic reaction. Enzymes are biological catalysts that act in a chemical transformation and can be able to change biomolecules into another one of the same molecules.
Acid hydrolysis induces a number of changes in organisms such as yeast during low-density carbohydrate metabolism. This is evident when cells are broken apart to reveal their components through sonication (repeated shock waves of audible sound waves) followed by freeze-thawing which would deform the cells at present producing in the forms of single-stranded DNA, RNA, and closed circular DNAs.
The conformational changes that occur after many cycles have been distorted show these particular enzymes’ regenerative activity with its reversible activity over time due to their high-frequency multiple crossings over and between strands where it next binds. In this process, it shows supercoiling wherein DNA if heated gives off these conformational alterations which explain thiol formation. For example, cytochrome c is a large extracytoplasmic membrane complex with a molecular weight of 132 kDa and contains antimicrobial histatin; iron may be associated with its heme, which has the general structure UCO(CO) It is capable of accounting for the formation of high-molecular-weight colloidal particles that have heme.
As it converts itself into ferric porphyrins before exchanging its Fe(II) ions to form Fe(III) ions. Another key reason used as an example is cyanide according to bacteria fungus occurring within the structure showing succinyl ester acyl transferase fibers much like another image for the enzyme protein pad constructed out of stacking those metal interfacing aromatic chains – both proteins are coiled around metal rods; arginine in which these proteins are coupled through carbon-nitrogen bonds giving rise to ferries adopting histrochelate geometry but with nucleotides instead; globin phosphoglycerides that show bunching down into yellow spheres; membrane protein is derived from lipid bilayer sheets and amino-glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol increasing the membranes of phagocytosis.
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Assignment Activity 5: Apply selected physical techniques (NMR, MS) to obtain information on the structure of biological molecules.
NMR and MS are two types of physical techniques that can be used to obtain information about the structure of biological molecules. With NMR, you use a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer to detect the differences in the concentrations of various elements in biological samples. WithMS, you use a mass spectrometer to measure the abundances of different atoms and molecules in biological samples. NMR spectrometers are much more expensive than MS. Accuracy in structure determination of complex molecules often depends on the total number of equivalent structures.
Assignment Activity 6: Apply and relate the principles of organic reaction mechanism to processes in biology and relate this to the development of small molecules that can be useful as tools for studying biological systems or as drugs.
Small molecules are discovered through organic reaction mechanisms that can be used to study biological systems, as well as drugs. Organic reactions occur when two atoms of the same element come together in a way that produces a new molecule. The process of Organic Reaction Mechanism (ORM) helps scientists understand how small molecules interact with other elements and proteins to create structures in living cells and organisms. Without ORMs, scientists in the fields of genomics could not be able to identify DNA sequences very accurately while sequencing a genome. ORMs can also transition small molecules from one form to another in order to produce specific biological effects.
Assignment Activity 7: Describe the basics of molecular recognition.
Molecules are the smallest particles of an element that can interact with one another to form compounds. In many cases, molecules have two or more atoms at their core and they can be linked together by various chemical bonds. The most common types of molecules are atoms because they make up everything in our world—salt, water, air, and carbon dioxide. There are over 8 billion different kinds of molecules in the universe!
Assignment Activity 8: Understand the principles of medicinal chemistry.
The goal of medicinal chemistry is to develop novel and effective drugs and medical treatments, by understanding the structure, function, and metabolism of pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceuticals are compositions that are used to treat human diseases or conditions. The target audience for a particular drug may be different depending on its specific purpose; however, all medications have some common features.
Assignment Activity 9: Perform a series of laboratory techniques and experiments required for synthesis, biotransformations, purification, isolation, and (kinetic) analysis of biological molecules.
Synthesis: In order to produce a new type of molecule, the synthesizer needs to identify and combine two or more existing molecules into one entity.
BIOTransformations: The biosynthesis process can involve transforming one kind of molecule into another through chemical reactions.
Purification: The purifier removes contaminants from the sample so that it can be analyzed for data or research purposes.
Isolation: After the samples have been purified, they need to be isolated in order to study them further.
Kinetic: Peptides and DNA are often used as pharmaceuticals, as they target particular mechanisms in the body. Kinetic analysis is used to understand how the drug affects the body.
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