CHEM20030 Biological Molecules – Interactions and Functioning Assignment Sample

In order for atoms to interact with each other, they must have an electron-free orbit. The number of protons in a nucleus is important because it determines how strong the interaction between two atoms will be. The more protons in a nucleus, the stronger the interaction will be. So, when two atoms get close together: When ions come in close to each other many are lost but those that are stuck between the two atomic nuclei combine to form the ionic bond.

If the two nuclei were of nearly the same size, there is a great attraction between them. Ionization of small molecules occurs due to collisions with small molecules or other particles but it releases atoms that negatively affect the atom that remains bound in an orbital electron cloud. A free-electron has a tendency: away; so as it gets further away from its atomic nucleus, it loses energy and eventually becomes dimmer /choppier.

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In this course, there are many types of assignments given to students like individual assignments, group-based assignments, reports, case studies, final year projects, skills demonstrations, learner records, and other solutions given by us. We also provide Group Project Presentations for Irish students.

In this section, we are describing some tasks. These are:

Assignment Task 1: Know the main molecular components of biological systems and their functional role.

Biological systems are composed of molecular components that interact with one another to create the desired order and function. This interaction is what allows life to exist, as well as provides the basic building blocks for all other organisms. To understand how these molecules work together in a biological system, you should first know about their main molecular components and their functional role within that system.

The three classes of biomolecules that provide the basic building blocks for all of the biologies are lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Lipids are composed of a phospholipid backbone flanked by short branched fatty acid chains, which provide rigidity to bilayer membranes.

The first type of lipids formed within primitive cells was phosphatidylcholine, hence shortened to phosphocholines or simply called acyl-CoA. Cycles are easily released from the cell because the hydrophobic head group creates a negative attractive force. In order for another molecule to be held within an acyl-CoA chain, it must first dissociate by breaking some hydrogen bonds between covalent side chains. Nonpolar ends–(hydrocarbon tails) exhibit the loosest affinity while polar ends (propionic and aromatic tails) have the most stable interactions with a hydrophobic backbone leading to salts forming interactive complexes with lipids due to the fact that saturated and unsaturated (highly extended) hydrogens prefer hydrophobic environments over nonpolar lipids.

Assignment Task 2: Understand the key interactions between atomic groups of biomolecules and their role in the structural organization and functioning of biomolecules.

Biomolecules are composed of atoms and molecules. The interaction between these two groups is critical to the overall function of biomolecules. In addition, understanding how biomolecules interact with one another can provide insights into the structure and behavior of other biomolecules and their role in life.

Amino acids and nucleotides are composed of various types of ions devoid of an external electric charge. There are two main types, positively charged, cations such as Sodium or calcium, and negatively charged radicals such as hydrogens, like in Hydrophobin. The bonds are called ionic bonds when they act between oppositely charged ions and have a zwitterion if they have positive poles on both sides. However, in some cases, other molecules interact with biomolecules, like DNA’s double-helix form in which one strand holds the opposite hydrophobic polar end making a hydrogen bond behavior upon binding.

Assignment Task 3: Understand the molecular meaning and the role of temperature, pressure, entropy, and energy in biomolecular transformations

A molecule is the smallest unit of energy in a chemical reaction. Molecules are made up of atoms, and each atom has one or more electrons. The number of electrons in an atom determines the strength of its attraction to other elements and makes it possible for molecules to react with other substances.

Climate change, the rise in global temperatures, pressure from the sun on planets and moons, and energy input from stars can all impact biomolecular transformations. In particular, changes in temperature (due to climate change), pressure (due to solar radiation or other forms of environmental stress), entropy (the state of a material at any given point in time), and energy input (from stars or other sources) have an effect on enzymes, proteins, and DNA.

Assignment Task 4: Have knowledge of the primary, secondary and tertiary structures of biopolymers, factors determining the stability of the structures, and conformational transitions in biopolymers and biomembranes.

Primary biopolymers are the simplest type of polymer. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen atoms. Secondary biopolymers contain more than two million atoms while tertiary biopolymers have over 10 billion elements in them.  All of these primary, secondary, and tertiary biopolymers are formed using organic monomers, and they are made in various capillaries by the enzymatic processes of bacteria.

One of the main factors determining the stability and conformational transitions in biopolymers and biomembranes is their degree of polymerization. Polymerized materials have a higher propensity to transition from one conformation to another, due to their high-density polyethylene content. In addition, biopolymers are often more flexible than biomembranes, which can lead to increased conformational flexibility during protein folding or signaling. As a result, biopolymers are able to better transfer energy from one system to another through cyclic folding and restructuring. Due to their stability, biopolymers can maintain intricate macroscopic structures over long periods of time.

Assignment Task 5: Have knowledge of the self-organization of lipids and other components of biomembranes.

Biomembranes are comprised of lipids, proteins, glycosaminoglycans, inorganic salts, and other elements along with hydrophilic (water-soluble) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) regions. These components of a biomembrane are able to self-assemble via the formation of an interpenetrating network that renders membranes able to retain certain substances while rejecting others.

Assignment Task 6: Understand the fundamentals of biomolecular binding including binding affinities, energetics, effects of cooperation, and environmental conditions.

Biomolecular binding is the process by which molecules interact with each other to form a complex. The interactions between biomolecules can be classified into three categories: static, dynamic, and cooperative. Static interactions are those that occur at the molecular level; for example, the interaction of proteins in solution or between cells on a skin wound. Dynamic interactions happen when two or more atoms within a molecule join together to form another molecule; for example, during chemical reactions.

Cooperative interactions involve multiple molecules working together in order to achieve an effect (for example, activating transcription factors); they are also called mutual Activation states because all participating molecules share binding energy and activate simultaneously. PNA, capsids of bacteriophages, and nucleic acids have been proven to have cooperative interactions.

Assignment Task 7: Understand the fundamental principles, energetics, and functioning of biomolecular transport systems.

Biomolecular transport systems are responsible for the movement of molecules and ions through a material. They play an important role in many physiological processes, including respiration, blood coagulation, nerve transmission, and cell death. In addition to their physical properties, biomolecular transport systems also have quantum mechanical properties that can affect their performance. The quantum mechanical properties of biomolecules are utilized to engineer new pathways, whereas the engineering of pathways influences the beck I basic understanding of principles of bioenergetics.

Assignment Task 8: Understand the molecular principles of osmotic effects and transport of water.

Osmotic effects are the change in pressure of a liquid or gas due to its concentration within a container. Osmosis is when water moves from one area of greater pressure to another area with less pressure. Water can move through any type of object by osmosis, but it most commonly moves through the air because the atmospheric pressure is much higher than the ocean’s surface tension. Osmotic effects can be explained on a molecular level in that water is attracted to detergent molecules or Caco-2 monolayers, hydrolysis of proteins. Molecules within the water are attracted to new molecules, which decreases water pressure, causing water to move outward beyond the cell membranes.

Assignment Task 9: Being able to apply the concepts of the transition state, activation energies reaction rate laws, and Michaelis-Menten equation for the analysis of the kinetics of molecular processes including enzyme reactions.

Kinetic analysis is the study of the movement and behavior of particles in a particular medium or setting. In molecular kinetics, this means studying how enzymes and other molecules interact to produce results at different speeds. This can be done by using activation energies reaction rate laws, the Michaelis-Menten equation, and transition state theory to derive insights into enzyme reactions.

Several types of enzyme reactions have been discussed: hydrophilic, mouth-watering, and lipophilic, hydrophobic. More recent thinking has examined all substrates involved in an enzyme reaction without distinction to their water-solubility. Because so many enzymatic reactions must take place simultaneously in order to produce the most efficient production chain both the rate and extent of hydrolysis (or other modification) should not be conflated.

Bottling systems have the capability to provide continuous osmotic control in a specific environment whilst maintaining stability. However there is a time when stability is lost due to volume/mass loss, flexibility/plasticity loss, or sterility/antibiotic growth within the product itself e.g. beer cans flex under high-pressure carbonation.

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