BI207 Metabolism and Cell Signalling NUIG assignment sample Ireland

Metabolism and cell signaling are two of the most important aspects of how our bodies function. Metabolism is the process by which our cells convert food into energy, while cell signaling is how our cells communicate with one another.

Both metabolism and cell signaling are essential for our health, and fluctuations in either can have serious consequences. For example, disruptions in metabolism can lead to weight gain or obesity, while disruptions in cell signaling can lead to cancer or other diseases.

Fortunately, both metabolism and cell signaling are relatively well understood, and researchers are constantly working to better understand these important processes. Hopefully, in the future, we will be able to better manage disorders caused by disruptions in metabolism or cell signaling.

Hire NUIG Experts For BI207 Metabolism and Cell Signalling Assignment At the Last Moment

In this course, there are many types of assignments given to students like individual assignments, group-based assignments, reports, case studies, final year projects, skills demonstrations, learner records, and other solutions given by us. We also provide Group Project Presentations for Irish students.

In this section, we are describing some tasks. These are:

Assignment Task 1: Outline how cells harvest energy to drive cellular reactions. 

Most cells in the body harvest energy by breaking down glucose molecules. Glucose is a simple sugar molecule that is found in foods like bread, pasta, fruits, and vegetables. To break down glucose, the cell uses a molecule called ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

When a cell breaks down glucose to get energy, it first converts the glucose into a molecule called pyruvate. Pyruvate is then transported across the cell membrane and enters the mitochondria. The mitochondria are organelles within the cell that are responsible for harvesting energy from food molecules.

Inside the mitochondria, pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is then used in a process called the Krebs cycle to produce ATP. The Krebs cycle is a series of reactions that occur in the mitochondria and result in the production of ATP.

In addition to producing ATP, the Krebs cycle also produces carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). These byproducts are then released from the cell.

ATP is the molecule that cells use to power most of their reactions. For example, ATP has used to power the contraction of muscles, the synthesis of DNA, and the transport of molecules across cell membranes.

The energy that cells harvest from breaking down glucose can be used to power all sorts of cellular reactions. However, not all cells in the body use glucose as their primary source of energy. For example, cells in the brain and heart can use a molecule called ketone bodies as their primary source of energy. Ketone bodies are produced when the body breaks down fatty acids.

Assignment Task 2: Summarise central concepts in cellular metabolism.

Cellular metabolism is the process by which cells break down food to produce energy. This energy is used to carry out the essential functions of life, such as growth, repair, and reproduction. There are two main types of cellular metabolism: aerobic metabolism and anaerobic metabolism.

Aerobic metabolism takes place in the presence of oxygen, while anaerobic metabolism takes place in the absence of oxygen. Both pathways are necessary for cells to survive and grow. However, the aerobic pathway is more efficient and produces more energy than the anaerobic pathway. This is why it is important for cells to have access to a constant supply of oxygen.

The primary pathway of aerobic metabolism is the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle is a series of reactions that occur in the mitochondria and result in the production of ATP. In addition to producing ATP, the Krebs cycle also produces carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). These byproducts are then released from the cell.

The anaerobic pathway is less efficient than the aerobic pathway, but it is still necessary for cells to survive. The anaerobic pathway produces a molecule called lactic acid. Lactic acid is then transported out of the cell and converted into glucose in the liver. This glucose can then be used by other cells in the body as fuel.

Cellular metabolism is a complex process that is still not fully understood. However, scientists are constantly working to better understand these important processes. Hopefully, in the future, we will be able to better manage disorders caused by disruptions in metabolism or cell signaling.

Assignment Task 3: Define anabolic and catabolic pathways including the key intermediates linking these pathways.

Anabolic pathways are those that build up molecules from smaller units, while catabolic pathways are those that break down molecules into smaller units. The key intermediates linking these pathways are called metabolites.

One of the most well-known anabolic pathways is the pathway that produces protein. This pathway starts with amino acids, which are the small units that make up proteins. The amino acids are first converted into a molecule called a peptide, and then into a molecule called a protein.

The key catabolic pathway is the pathway that breaks down glucose to produce energy. This pathway starts with glucose, which is converted into a molecule called pyruvate. Pyruvate is then converted into another molecule called acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA is then broken down in the Krebs cycle to produce ATP.

ATP is the molecule that cells use to power most of their reactions. For example, ATP has been used to power the contraction of muscles, the synthesis of DNA, and the transport of molecules across cell membranes.

The energy that cells harvest from breaking down glucose can be used to power all sorts of cellular reactions. However, not all cells in the body use glucose as their primary source of energy. For example, cells in the brain and heart can use a molecule called ketone bodies as their primary source of energy. Ketone bodies are produced when the body breaks down fatty acids.

So, while glucose is the primary source of energy for most cells in the body, ketone bodies can be used by some cells to produce energy. This allows the body to adapt to different situations and meet the energy needs of all its cells.

Assignment Task 4: Detail the biochemical pathways associated with glycolysis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, photosynthesis, and the synthesis and degradation of fatty acids, and amino acids, and nucleotides.

Glycolysis is the pathway that breaks down glucose to produce energy. This pathway starts with glucose, which is converted into a molecule called pyruvate. Pyruvate is then converted into another molecule called acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA is then broken down in the Krebs cycle to produce ATP.

Gluconeogenesis is the pathway that produces glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules. This pathway starts with pyruvate, which is converted into a molecule called oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate is then converted into another molecule called malate. Malate is then converted into glucose, which can be used by other cells in the body as fuel.

Glycogenolysis is the pathway that breaks down glycogen to produce glucose. This pathway starts with glycogen, which is converted into a molecule called glucose-6-phosphate. Glucose-6-phosphate is then converted into glucose, which can be used by other cells in the body as fuel.

The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions that produce energy from the breakdown of acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA is first converted into a molecule called citrate. Citrate is then converted into a molecule called isocitrate. Isocitrate is then converted into a molecule called alpha-ketoglutarate. Alpha-ketoglutarate is then converted into a molecule called succinate. Succinate is then converted into a molecule called fumarate. Fumarate is then converted into a molecule called malate. Malate is then converted back into acetyl-CoA, which can be used to produce energy in other cells in the body.

Oxidative phosphorylation is the process that uses energy from the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP. This process starts with acetyl-CoA, which is converted into a molecule called ATP synthase. ATP synthase then uses energy from the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP.

Photosynthesis is the process that producing glucose from carbon dioxide and water. This process starts with carbon dioxide, which is converted into a molecule called glucose. Glucose is then used by plants to produce energy.

The synthesis and degradation of fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides are all pathways that produce energy from the breakdown of molecules. Fatty acids are broken down to produce energy. Amino acids are broken down to produce energy. Nucleotides are broken down to produce energy. These pathways all produce ATP, which can be used by cells to power cellular reactions.

Assignment Task 5: Describe molecular mechanisms of cell signaling and control of key metabolic pathways.

Cell signaling refers to the process by which cells communicate with each other and relay information. This communication is necessary for the coordination of various cellular activities, including metabolism. There are a number of different mechanisms by which cells signal to each other, but some of the most important include hormones, cytokines, and chemokines.

Hormones are produced by specialized cells in one part of the body and then travel to other parts of the body where they exert their effects. Cytokines are small proteins that are secreted by immune cells and play a role in inflammation and immunity. Chemokines are proteins that guide white blood cells to specific locations in the body in response to infection or injury.

All of these signaling molecules play a role in the regulation of metabolism. Hormones can regulate the release of enzymes that are necessary for the breakdown of glucose. Cytokines can regulate the rate at which cells produce ATP. Chemokines can guide white blood cells to areas of the body where there is an infection or injury, and these white blood cells can then help to fight the infection or repair the damage.

In addition to these signaling molecules, there are also a number of other mechanisms that cells use to control metabolism. One of the most important is transcriptional regulation. Transcriptional regulation is the process by which genes are turned on or off in response to various stimuli. This process is necessary for the proper functioning of many metabolic pathways.

Another important mechanism that cells use to control metabolism is post-translational modification. Post-translational modification is the process by which proteins are modified after they have been synthesized. This process can involve the addition of phosphate groups, methyl groups, or other modifications. These modifications can change the activity of the protein, or even change its location in the cell.

Together, these mechanisms allow cells to respond to changes in their environment and regulate their metabolism accordingly. This allows them to maintain a stable internal environment and meet the demands of their tissue and organ systems.

Assignment Task 6: Discuss how dysfunction of these processes can be involved in disease.

Dysfunction of these processes can be involved in virtually any disease, as each process is intimately involved in maintaining cellular health and homeostasis.

For example, a disruption in autophagy can lead to the accumulation of dysfunctional proteins and organelles within cells, which can then cause cellular dysfunction and contribute to the development of diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and cancer.

Similarly, a disturbance in apoptosis can lead to the development of cancers by allowing tumor cells to evade death and continue proliferating. And lastly, a problem with DNA damage repair can increase the risk of developing disorders such as cancer due to the accumulation of DNA mutations.

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