Physical Development of Children from 0-2 Years: Child Development, Assignment, Ireland

Task 1

A. Physical Development of Children from 0-2 Years

Physical development in children from birth to two years is marked by swift changes. During this time understanding the stages of physical development in this age group is important as it lays the foundation for future growth, movement, and cognitive abilities.

From 0 to 2 months newborns can’t control their movements much and depend on reflexes like sucking and grasping. Their vision is blurry, but they can see things that are close to them. They can also hear well and recognize familiar voices. At this stage, they grow very fast, gaining weight and height quickly. By 3 to 6 months babies start holding their heads up when lying on their stomachs and begin reaching for objects. They also get better at moving their hands and eyes together, helping them follow objects with their eyes and bring things to their mouths.

Between 6- and 9-months babies often start sitting up without help and might begin crawling or moving in other ways. They gain more control over their hands and can pass objects between them. They also start using their thumb and finger to pick up small items, a skill called the pincer grasp. While they continue to grow, they’re not as fast as in the earlier months. The development of motor skills, sensory abilities, and coordination during this time provides the foundation for future physical abilities and cognitive development. A child will develop in their own time, by Between 6- and 9-months babies often start sitting up without help and might begin crawling or moving in other ways. They gain more control over their hands and can pass objects between them. They also start using their thumb and finger to pick up small items, a skill called the pincer grasp. While they continue to grow, they’re not as fast as in the earlier months. The development of motor skills, sensory abilities, and coordination during this time provides the foundation for future physical abilities and cognitive development. A child will develop in their own time, but understanding these milestones helps caregivers give support and encouragement for their child’s growth.

From 9 to 12 months babies will start to pull themselves up to try and stand and they might even take a few first steps. After some time, their balance will improve allowing them to move around more. They will also start to get better at using their hands to play with objects like stacking blocks. When they’re a year old usually babies are walking and may even feed themselves. Usually this starts with their hands then they will start to use cutlery like spoon or fork. By this stage they will have gained weight and have grown taller. By understanding these milestones this helps caregivers give support and for the child’s growth.

At 12 and 18 months most toddlers walk on their own and may start running and climbing. As they start to move around more, they become more independent and curious about their surroundings. Their hand skills will improve, and this will help them to stack objects, scribble, and open things. Their growth will start to slow down compared to the first year, but they will eventually start to grow more slowly rather than quickly.

At 18 to 24 months, toddlers will be able to run, jump and climb stairs with some help. They will develop balance and control over their movements. Their fine motor skills will also get better, so they can use spoons, build with blocks, and even start undressing themselves. They become more aware and alert of their bodies but can still have some falls. At the end of their second year, most toddlers can go up and down stairs with some help. They start to improve at drawing simple shapes and stacking small objects. At this age their growing will slow down, and their features start to change as they reach age two. World Health Organization (2023)

B. Cognitive Development of Children from 3-7 Years

At the ages of 3 years old to 7 years old children’s understanding and how they think of the world will start to change.  There is a stage known as the preoperational stage where they begin to use their imagination like pretending a block is a car or drawing pictures that represent real things. Children being able to use their imagination is an important part in a child’s life. Children still have a lot to learn about how things really work. Children in this age group will have trouble seeing things from other people’s points of view. Children will often assume everyone thinks and feels the same way they do. As they get closer to 7 years old, they start to understand that others may have different thoughts or views about things and not everyone will think the same as they do.

Young children also show animistic thinking, which is when children have an understanding that everything in the world has a spirit or a soul, they believe that toys or the sun have feelings. They also use magical thinking which would be believing that their wishes or thoughts can make things happen, like thinking they can control the weather.

Children also struggle with understanding that some things stay the same even when they change shape or appearance.  If you pour water from a short, wide cup into a tall, skinny cup, they might think there is more water in the taller cup because it looks bigger. This shows they are still learning concepts like conservation, which will develop over time. Piaget’s (1954)

Around age 4 or 5, children begin to develop what’s called a “theory of mind,” which means they start to realize that other people have different thoughts, beliefs, and feelings than they do. This ability helps them understand others better and interact more in social situations.

Language skills start to grow quickly during this point. By age 3, children can form simple sentences, and by age 6 or 7, they can express themselves more. Their vocabulary grows and they start to follow basic grammar rules even though they might still make mistakes.

Children’s attention span and memory also improve. They can focus on tasks for longer and remember more details, even though their memory strategies are still developing. By the time they are 6 or 7 years of age many children can follow instructions and solve problems.

Children will start to learn to count objects and understand that numbers represent quantities, even though they might still make mistakes in counting. Their understanding will improve.

Young children will mostly follow rules to avoid punishment or get things they want. They don’t understand the reasons behind rules, but by the age of 6 or 7, they start to think more about fairness and justice.

Children between the ages 5 and 7 years old will get better at interacting with others. They can play with friends and take turns understanding rules even though they might still have disagreements as they are still learning how to manage relationships.

The cognitive development of children from the ages 3- to 7-year-olds is important changes in how children can think and understand others and social interactions.

C. Social and Emotional Development of Children from 8-12 Years

The social and emotional development of children aged 8 to 12 years old shows important changes in how they view themselves and interact with others and how to manage their feelings. At this age children become more independent and develop a sense of who they are as a person. They begin to understand their own strengths, weaknesses, likes, and dislikes, and they often compare themselves to others in areas such as school, sports, or friendships. Children at this age often look for approval from friends, teachers, and parents. Friendships become more meaningful and important during this time. Children start to form long term friendships based on shared interests and emotional support. Instead of just playing together, friends at this age provide each other with understanding and trust. Fitting in with friends becomes a priority and children may worry about being accepted or popular. They may also face peer pressure, but friendships also help them learn important social skills. Children at this age develop a better understanding of their own feelings and other people’s feelings. They are able to recognize a range of emotions and understand that people can feel more than one thing at a time, such as feeling both happy and sad. They also learn that people might hide their true feelings by pretending to be happy when they are actually upset. This emotional awareness helps them react to people with more empathy and handle their own emotions.

As children grow older, they become better at managing their emotions. Younger children might have trouble controlling their impulses, but by the ages of 8- to 12-year-olds most children can use coping mechanisms like talking about their feelings, asking for help, or calming themselves down when they feel upset or stressed. Children at this age begin to ask for more independence from their parents, family still is a very important part of emotional support. They may want more control over decisions that affect them, which can sometimes cause arguments with parents. A strong family relationship with open communication and support is important for their emotional development and helps them feel secure as they grow.

At school, children will face new challenges in social situations, such as teamwork and competition, and the need to get along with their group of friends. These experiences help them improve social skills. School can be hard and come with a lot of difficulties and challenges they have to face such as bullying or peer pressure, which can affect their emotional well-being.

This stage is important to use the skills needed for managing relationships and understanding emotions preparing children for the challenges of adolescence. Emotionally children in this at this age develop a stronger sense of self and begin to form their own identity. They become more independent from their parents and caregivers and often look for approval and validation from their friends. They also start to handle emotions like frustration, jealousy, and disappointment even though they may still need guidance in managing these feelings. Encouraging social activities, open communication and supportive relationships are vital for healthy social and emotional development during these years.

Task 2

Factors Impacting Child Development

Child development is influenced by many factors that affect how children grow physically, emotionally and socially. An important factor is genetics, which is when the traits are passed down from parents. These inherited traits can affect a child’s physical appearance and cognitive abilities. Some children may also inherit conditions that impact their learning and social development.

The environment a child grows up in plays an important role in shaping their development. A safe, caring environment supports learning, emotional stability, and social skills. On the other hand, negative environments, such as those with poverty, neglect, or violence, can hold back a child’s development. Access to good education, healthcare, and nutritious food is vital for a child to develop healthily and thrive.

An important factor is a family’s socioeconomic status (SES). Children from wealthier families would have access to a better education, healthcare, and extra activities that support their development. Children from lower-income families may face difficulties like limited resources or high stress, which can affect their overall growth and opportunities.

Parenting styles and family relationships also have a big impact on development. Parents who show support and set rules help their children develop confidence, independence, and good social skills. Strict parenting can cause issues like low self-esteem or behavioral problems. The quality of family relationships, supportive or stressful, also influences a child’s emotional well-being.

Education and early learning experiences are very important for cognitive and social development. Children who attend good-quality preschools or who are encouraged to learn at home tend to develop better language and problem-solving skills. Teachers and caregivers play an important role in guiding children’s curiosity and helping them interact well with others.

As children grow, their relationship with their friends becomes more important. Friendships help children develop social skills, build self-esteem, and learn to manage emotions. Having good friends can improve a child’s emotional well-being but negative experiences like bullying can harm a child’s confidence and mental health.

Cultural background and community also play a big part in shaping how children develop. Different cultures have certain values, behaviors, or traditions that affect how a child sees the world and interacts with others. A supportive community provides good role models and a sense of belonging which helps a child grow emotionally and socially.

Nutrition and overall health are key factors for physical and cognitive development. Children need proper nutrition to grow and concentrate at school. Poor nutrition can lead to learning difficulties and health problems. Access to healthcare and regular physical activity also support healthy development.

Technology and media have become a major influence on child development, educational programs can help with learning, too much screen time can lead to issues like attention problems and less physical activity. It’s important for children to use technology in a balanced way.

Stress and trauma can have a negative effect on a child’s development. Children who suffer with stress or traumatic events may struggle with emotional and social challenges. Children can prevent this with the right support from family, teachers, and counselors who can provide children with coping skills and overcome these difficulties.

Child development is made up by genetic, environmental, social, and cultural factors. By providing a safe, supportive, and safe environment, children can grow in a healthy and balanced way, reaching their full potential in all areas of their development. Berk, L.E.   (2013)

Task 3

Experts Supporting Child Development

Experts to Support Child Development

Experts in child development play an important role in supporting child development across various areas, such as physical, emotional, social, and cognitive growth. Different professionals offer guidance and resources, to ensure children grow in a healthy and balanced way.

Teachers are one of the most important experts in a child’s life, especially during early childhood. They help children develop basic skills like reading, writing, and problem-solving. Teachers also guide children by encouraging children to work together, share, and communicate effectively with others.

Pediatricians are medical professionals who focus on children’s physical health. They monitor growth, give vaccinations, and offer advice on nutrition and exercise. Pediatricians can identify any health concerns early on and provide treatments or refer the child to specialists if needed.

Child psychologists help children with emotional and behavioral issues. They provide support for children dealing with anxiety, stress, or trauma, and offer strategies to improve mental well-being. They also work with families to ensure children receive the care they need at home and school.

Speech therapists support children with language and communication difficulties. They help children develop the ability to speak clearly and understand others. Speech therapy can be beneficial for children who struggle with language delays or disorders, helping them improve their social skills and academic success.

Occupational therapists assist children with developmental delays or disabilities in improving their motor skills and coordination. They work on everyday tasks like holding a pencil, tying shoelaces, or using tools, enabling children to become more independent.

Social workers offer support to families facing difficult circumstances, such as financial stress, health problems, or family conflict. They connect families with resources and services that can help improve the child’s home environment and well-being.

All of these experts such as teachers, pediatricians, child psychologists, speech therapists, occupational therapists, and social workers all contribute to a child’s development. By working together, these experts ensure children have the support they need to thrive in all areas of their growth. Barnardos.      (2021)

Task 4

Child observation is a main approach for teachers, caregivers, and child development professionals. It helps them understand how children behave, develop, and what their needs are. Two common methods of child observation are anecdotal records and time sampling. Each method focuses on purposes and has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Anecdotal records are writing down specific examples of a child’s behavior as they happen. This method is looking at what a child does in certain situations and provides detailed descriptions of events and interactions. An example of what an anecdotal record is if a child shares toys with a friend during playtime, the observer will note this behavior, including the child’s reactions. One benefit of anecdotal records is that they keep this data and overtime it is allowing observers to see patterns in a child’s behavior over time. This can help in planning activities that meet each child’s individual needs and interests. Anecdotal records can provide insights into a child’s emotional and social development, helping adults understand their feelings and interactions with their peers.

Time sampling is where an observer watches a child at specific times and records certain behaviors someone might observe a child for five minutes every hour and note how often they play, talk to friends, or ask for help. This method helps collect clear data, making it easier to spot patterns in the child’s behavior over time. A benefit of time sampling is that it provides structured data, allowing differences between different children or settings. This method is useful for collecting data, which makes it easier to identify trends and patterns in a child’s behavior over time. One advantage of time sampling is that it provides structured and clear data that can be compared across different children or settings.

Both anecdotal records and time sampling are valuable methods of child observation. Anecdotal records give a detailed view into a child’s behavior in specific situations, while time sampling provides structured information over time. Each method has its strengths and weaknesses and the choice of which to use often depends on the goal of the observation, understanding these methods can improve the ability to support and nurture children’s development.   (NCCA).

Task 5

Bowlby and Ainsworth’s Theories of Attachment

Bowlby and Ainsworth theories of Attachment focus on how children form emotional bonds with their care givers and how these bonds can affect children’s development.

John Bowlby was one of the first psychologists to create a theory of attachment. He believed that infants need to form strong emotional bonds with their primary caregiver to feel safe and secure. He believed this behavior helps children to survive. He identified four main aspects of attachment which was Children want to stay close to their caregivers for safety. They seek comfort from their caregivers when they are upset. Their caregivers provide a safe place for their children to explore the world. Children often feel anxious when separated from their care givers. Bowlby also introduced the idea that relationships shape how people view themselves and others in relationships. Bowlby also introduced the idea of internal working models which are mental frameworks formed through early experiences that shape how individuals view themselves and their relationships with others. This would then lead to healthier social and emotional outcomes.

The quality of care a child receives and their interactions with others all influence how attachment develops. Bowlby’s theory suggests that by the end of the first year, infants start to recognize familiar people and form strong attachments.

Ainsworth’s expanded on Bowlby’s ideas by Strange Situation theory. In this study she studied and observed how children reacted to being separated and then reunited with their caregivers.  She identified three main attachments. Secure attachment where children feel safe and like to be comforted. Insecure resistant attachment where children will ignore their caregiver and don’t like to be comforted. Insecure attachment where children are very upset when they are seperated but can resist comfort when reunited.

This style can lead to challenges with trust and emotional security in later relationships. The attachment style is often seen in children who experience trauma or inconsistent caregiving, showing mixed behaviors that may appear confused or fearful. Individuals with this attachment style can face significant difficulties with trust and emotional regulation.

While Ainsworth’s experiment has been useful in understanding attachment, it does have limitations.

By understanding and applying these attachment theories, caregivers can support children better in forming emotional bonds that are secure, which is important for their overall development.

Bowlby and Ainsworth’s theories of attachment provide valuable insights into how children form emotional bonds with their caregivers. Understanding these attachment styles helps us recognize how early relationships can impact a child’s development and emotional well-being throughout their lives.       (CMIT 2023)

Task 6

Early childhood is an important time for children to grow and learn skills and behaviors that help to shape their future. The involvement of mothers, fathers, siblings, and peers each play an important role in supporting and guiding their development.

In early childhood development the roles of mothers, fathers, siblings, and peers are important in helping children grow and learn. Each of these relationships plays a special part in shaping a child’s emotional, social, and cognitive skills.

Mothers are usually the ones to engage in activities that promote learning, such as reading stories, playing games, and having conversations. Through these daily interactions, mothers help children develop language skills and social understanding. This foundation in emotional security allows children to explore their world and build relationships with others. In early childhood learning, a mother’s role is very important for a child’s growth and development. As one of the main caregivers, the mother provides a sense of safety and security that helps the child feel comfortable exploring their world. This secure bond supports the child’s emotional and social development, making them more confident and resilient as they grow. A mother also plays a key role in language and early learning. Through talking, playing, and reading together, she helps build the child’s vocabulary and communication skills. These daily interactions lay the foundation for reading, writing, and curiosity about the world. When a mother shows interest in what her child is learning and encourages them to ask questions, it helps them develop a love for learning that can continue throughout their life.

Mothers teach children how to behave and interact with others. They model social skills, like sharing, empathy, and cooperation, which are essential for making friends and working in group settings like preschool. By setting up routines, giving positive feedback, and setting boundaries, mothers help children learn self-control and understand rules.

A mother’s role in early childhood learning involves providing emotional support, encouraging curiosity, teaching social skills, and fostering a positive attitude towards learning. These early experiences with a mother help children feel secure, confident, and ready to explore the world around them.

Fathers play a crucial role in a child’s development; their involvement can be different from the way it is with mothers. Many fathers get involved more in physical play, which promotes motor skills and confidence. Activities like playing sports, building blocks, or even roughhousing can help children learn about their own strengths and abilities. Fathers often introduce new experiences that encourage independence and problem-solving. Additionally, an engaged father offers emotional support that helps build a child’s self-esteem and social skills, providing a balance to the nurturing typically offered by mothers.

A father’s role is just as important as the mother’s in supporting a child’s development. Fathers help their children feel safe and loved, which builds the child’s confidence and sense of security. This strong bond with a father encourages children to explore, try new things, and take healthy risks, all of which are important for learning and growth.

Fathers also contribute to language and learning by engaging in activities like talking, reading, and playing with their children. Through these interactions, they help develop the child’s vocabulary and problem-solving skills. Fathers often get involved in more physical play, which can help children learn about boundaries, cooperation, and turn-taking. This kind of play helps children develop motor skills and teaches them how to handle different emotions, like excitement and frustration.

Fathers provide positive role models for behavior and social skills. They teach children how to handle challenges, show respect, and relate to others. Fathers also play a big role in encouraging independence and resilience by letting their children try new things on their own while being there to support them when needed.

A father’s role in early childhood learning involves providing emotional support, encouraging exploration, teaching social skills, and helping children develop a sense of independence.

Siblings can play a big role in a child’s development. Older siblings often teach younger one’s new skills by showing them how to do things like talking, playing, or solving problems. This can help the younger child learn faster and build confidence in trying new things.

Siblings also provide opportunities for social learning. Through playing together, they practice important skills like sharing, taking turns, and cooperating. They also learn how to handle conflict and arguments, which helps them develop problem-solving abilities and emotional control.

Younger siblings often look up to their older siblings as role models, learning by watching how they behave and interact with others. This can help with how they will behave in group settings, such as at preschool or with friends.

Siblings influence each other by teaching, playing, and helping each other develop social, emotional, and problem-solving skills in a family setting.

As children grow their friends become very important. Friendships formed with other children provide them opportunities to develop social skills through play and interaction, children learn to share and interact with others. Interacting with their peers allows children to express themselves, building confidence and teaching them how to navigate relationships outside their families. These interactions help children learn about their understanding of the world.

Mothers, fathers, siblings, and peers all contribute to early childhood development. All of these relationships create a foundation for healthy growth and development in young children.  HSE. (2020).

Task 7

Strategies for Supporting Positive and Secure Relationships

Building positive and secure relationships is important for a child’s emotional and social development. These relationships serve as a foundation for their future interactions with others.

Creating a safe environment is one of the most important steps in having positive relationships. Children need to feel safe and secure in their surroundings. A space that feels safe allows children to explore freely and to interact with others without fear.  Care givers can have clear routines and rules. When children feel secure, they are more willing to interact with others, which strengthens their social skills.

Consistent communication is another essential element in building strong relationships. Encouraging children to express their thoughts and feelings without fear of judgment fosters trust. Listening attentively to what children say demonstrates that their opinions are valued. Using simple language and asking open-ended questions can facilitate this process. When children feel heard and understood, they are more likely to develop secure relationships with others. This open communication helps them articulate their needs and emotions, further enhancing their social interactions.

Responsive caregiving is another important factor when caregivers respond to children’s needs, and they respond positively. It gives children a sense of security. This response helps children develop trust in their caregivers which is a major factor for secure attachments.

Play is a way for children to build relationships. Encouraging play allows children to interact with others and learn. Care givers can support group activities that involve teamwork. This helps children to learn and appreciate different perspectives.

Modeling positive interactions is very important, children learn a lot from observing adults, care givers should show respectful and kind behavior in their interactions. This would mean using respectful language and kind behavior and reacting to conflict calmly. By children seeing these behaviors they will more than likely to copy that in their own relationships.

Fostering independence is another way that supports positive relationships, encouraging children to make choices and express their interests to help build their confidence. This can allow them to choose for themselves or express their feelings. When children feel supported, they will more likely interact positively with others.

Providing emotional support is very important. Care givers should be there to help children navigate their emotions when they are angry, sad or happy. Validating their feelings and offering guidance helps children to develop emotional intelligence which is very important for forming healthy relationships.

By using these strategies care givers can build secure relationships that encourage emotional wellbeing and social development in children.

Encouraging co-operative play is an effective way to help children develop social skills and form connections with others. Encouraging activities that involve teamwork, such as building a tower with blocks or playing a group game, teaches children essential social skills. These activities help children learn how to share, take turns, and solve problems together. Positive experiences during playtime strengthen their bonds with peers and create lasting friendships.

Being a positive role model is crucial in teaching children how to build healthy relationships. Demonstrating respectful communication, active listening, and empathy in your interactions with others sets a strong example. Showing children how to resolve conflicts peacefully and express their feelings is very important. When children observe these behaviors in adults, they are more likely to imitate them in their relationships.

Creating a safe environment, encouraging open communication, showing empathy, promoting cooperative play, and being a positive role model are effective strategies for supporting positive and secure relationships. These strategies not only help children develop essential social skills but also lay a strong foundation for healthy relationships throughout their lives.

Using these strategies such as the key person approach, positive interactions, and emotional regulation support, can help children build secure and positive relationships, which are important to their overall development and well-being. By providing consistent support, encouraging positive interactions, and teaching emotional regulation, we can help children develop secure and positive relationships that are the key factors to their overall growth. To support positive and secure relationships with children, it’s important to spend quality time together each day. Engaging in play, conversations, or activities they enjoy helps build trust and makes children feel valued. Showing consistent love and affection is also essential; this can be through hugs, kind words, and encouragement, which together make a child feel safe and loved. Open communication is another key strategy—by actively listening to their thoughts and feelings, children feel understood and connected.

Setting clear boundaries and rules also contributes to a child’s sense of security. Consistency in expectations helps them understand what is acceptable and guides them toward positive behavior. Encouraging independence is equally valuable; allowing children to try things on their own while offering support when needed helps them build confidence and a sense of capability. Finally, responding calmly when they are upset reinforces security. By reassuring children and helping them manage their emotions, you strengthen their emotional resilience.

Using these strategies supports children in forming positive, secure relationships, which are essential for their emotional and social development. (2019) education in Ireland.

Task 8

Based on the observation of Child A, the following strategies would be recommended to help foster secure attachments with both peers and adults in their environment.

Giving Child A opportunities to explore their needs, wishes, and emotions helps them feel understood and supported. Activities like show-and-tell or storytelling allow Child A to practice expressing themselves. Offering positive praise or encouragement when they clearly share their thoughts builds their confidence in expressing their feelings with others.

Small group play sessions can help Child A build stronger connections with peers. These sessions should include games or tasks that require teamwork, cooperation, and communication. Activities like puzzles, building blocks, or role-playing games encourage Child A to interact with others, practicing social skills such as sharing and joining group activities.

Role-playing can teach social skills, where educators or caregivers’ model positive behaviors like asking to join a group, sharing, taking turns, and expressing needs. By guiding Child A through these scenarios in a supportive setting, they can learn to handle social interactions more effectively, building both confidence and competence (Thompson, 2000).

Praising Child A’s strengths and positive behaviors in front of peers can also foster belonging and acceptance. For example, if Child A helps another child or shares well, the educator can highlight this behavior to the group. This recognition boosts Child A’s self-esteem and encourages others to see them as friends and valued group members.

One-on-one interactions with a trusted adult, like reading sessions, individual games, or simple conversations, can help Child A form a secure attachment with a caregiver or educator. This bond provides stability, making the child feel more secure and confident. As Child A becomes less dependent on adults for comfort, they may also feel more comfortable building social relationships with peers.

References

Bowlby, J. (1988). A Secure Base: Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development. Basic Books.

Bee, H. & Boyd, D. (2013). The Developing Child. 13th ed. Boston: Pearson.

Berk, L. E. (2018). Child Development. 10th ed. Boston: Pearson.

Corsaro, W. A. (2005). The Sociology of Childhood. Pine Forge Press.

Dunn, J. (2002). Sibling Influences on Childhood Development. Child Development, 73(3), 637-648.

Piaget, J. (1954). The Construction of Reality in the Child. New York: Basic Books.

Berk, L.E. (2013). Child Development. 9th ed. Boston: Pearson.

Barnardos. (2021). Supporting Children’s Development.

Department of Education and Skills. (2019) Education in Ireland: The system.

National Council for Curriculum and Assessment (NCCA). (n.d.). Aistear: the Early Childhood Curriculum Framework.

McDevitt, T.M. and Ormrod, J.E. (2016). Child Development and Education. 6th ed. London: Pearson.

HSE (2020) https://www.hse.ie

3.11 cmi 2023

Thompson, R. A. (2000). The roots of school readiness in social and emotional development. The Kauffman Early Education Exchange, 1(1), 8-29.